When frontier AI can be switched off: India's sovereignty challenge

India must not depend on foreign AI models, as US export controls demonstrate potential access denial. Past reliance on external tech, like nuclear programs, led to self-sufficiency. For AI, India needs a continuity doctrine, fostering multiple research labs and institutions, not just symbolic wins. Learning from Singapore's biotech success, building foundational capabilities now is crucial to avoid perpetual import reliance and secure future agency.