Trilateral Defense Cooperation Among Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan Alters Regional Power Balance

An emerging defense alignment among Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan—though still informal and evolving—reflects broader structural shifts in the geopolitics of Muslim-majority states with implications extending beyond the Middle East and South Asia. This configuration represents a gradual convergence of distinct strategic interests: Turkey’s promotion of Turkic solidarity and strategic autonomy, Saudi Arabia’s role as a major financial and religious patron within Sunni Islam now oriented toward security partnerships...