China's rare-earth origin story, explained

China's focus on rare-earth metals began under Mao, but Deng Xiaoping prioritized improving steel quality by utilizing these resources. Fang Yi, a top technocrat, spearheaded efforts to extract rare earths from Baotou's iron ore deposits. China developed cost-effective separation techniques, gaining a near monopoly, while leaders like Wen Jiabao ensured its strategic importance.