Major trade wars since the 19th century

From the 19th-century Opium Wars to the recent banana and beef disputes, history is replete with trade conflicts. The McKinley Tariff in 1890 and the Smoot-Hawley Act of 1930 had significant economic and political repercussions. Retaliatory tariffs, like those in the Chicken and Pasta Wars, demonstrate the cyclical nature of protectionist measures and their impact on international relations.