On the Trauma of Wild Animals: the Case of the Marmots

Marmots were the perfect test species for a wildlife adversity index. Photo: Xochitl Ortiz Ross

Psychologists know that childhood trauma, or the experience of harmful or adverse events, can have lasting repercussions on the health and well-being of people well into adulthood. But while the consequences of early adversity have been well researched in humans, people aren’t the only ones who can experience adversity.

If you have a rescue dog, you probably have witnessed how the abuse...